18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic InfectionsAs AIDS-related illnesses decline and non-AIDS complications become increasingly more common in the modern antiretroviral (ARV) therapy era, looking at six blood markers—not just CD4 cell counts and viral load—will be necessary to make accurate survival predictions. This is the conclusion of a study conducted by researchers at Yale and Harvard universities and reported on Monday, February 28, at the 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) in Boston.
The Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) Index, composed of routine lab measurements of organ system injury, has been shown to predict death from any cause more accurately than an index restricted to CD4s and viral load. Studies thus far testing the VACS Index, however, have been limited to veterans. What has not yet been tested is whether the VACS Index is applicable to the average population: non-veterans receiving ARV treatment.
In addition to viral load, CD4 cell counts and age, the VACS Index includes markers for anemia (hemoglobin measurements), kidney injury (estimated glomerular filtration rate, or eGFR), liver injury (blood labs indicative of liver fibrosis, or FIB-4) and hepatitis C infection status.
To conduct its analysis, Justice’s group turned to data involving 5,980 people living with HIV participating in either the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA-ACCORD) or the Canadian Cohort Collaboration (CANOC). To establish a baseline, the researchers randomly selected a CD4 count for each patient—at least a year after they’d been on ARV treatment—along with other VACS Index blood tests conducted around the same time as the CD4 cell measurement. They then looked at the deaths, from any causes, among the nearly 6,000 patients during the next five years.
According to Justice’s report, the VACS Index predicted five-year mortality—from any cause—substantially better than an index restricted to CD4 cell count, viral load and age in the two cohorts, which she said represented North Americans on ARV therapy with varying periods of HIV treatment experience.
“The variables included in the VACS Index are recommended for routine monitoring by current guidelines,” Justice and her colleagues concluded. “Because the VACS Index both accurately predicts mortality and indicates specific organ systems at risk, it may be a useful tool with which to monitor treatment response and assess prognosis among those on [ARV therapy].”
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus, which is also known as HIV is a disease that compromises the immune system. Over time – in many cases, a long time – HIV slowly weakens the immune system until AIDS develops (1). AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. When a person has AIDS, his or her body has been weakened to the point where it is no longer able to effectively fight disease. As a result, many other health problems develop when a person has AIDS (1). HIV and AIDS has become an epidemic in many developing countries around the world and also claimed numerous victims in developed countries such as the United States.
HIV (types 1 and 2) enters susceptible cells either through binding of viral envelope glycoprotein (gp 120) to specific receptors on cell surface, mainly the CD4 molecule itself or through the beta-chemokine receptor-CCR5 (2). Other cells other than the helper T lymphocytes (CD4) such as some B cells, macrophages and glial cells of the central nervous system can also be infected by HIV so long as they bear the CD4 antigen.
HIV belongs to a family of RNA viruses called retroviruses; so called because they possess a unique enzyme, reverse transcriptase, used to synthesize virus-specific double-stranded DNA from the viral RNA genome (3). The resultant DNA gets integrated into the genome of the CD4 where it may remain latent for a long time until activated. The DNA then is used as a template for RNA required for HIV production (2).
References:
1. “About HIV and AIDS” AIDS Healthcare Foundation. http://www.aidshealth.org/?gclid=CJnN4orlo6QCFYlY2godJUhT6A. Updated: 2008
2. Chapel, H and Haeney M. Immunodeficiency-Immunopathogenesis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome, In: Essentials of Clinical immunology. London: Blackwell Scientific Publications. 1990:72
3. Okerengwo, A and Anyiwo C E. Immunopathology-The acquired immune deficiency syndrome, In: Essential Immunology. Port Harcourt: Pearl Publishers. 2006: 109-110
4. In Vitro Selection and Characterization of DNA Aptamers Specific for Phospholamban J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2009) 329(1): 57-63
1. “About HIV and AIDS” AIDS Healthcare Foundation. http://www.aidshealth.org/?gclid=CJnN4orlo6QCFYlY2godJUhT6A. Updated: 2008
2. Chapel, H and Haeney M. Immunodeficiency-Immunopathogenesis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome, In: Essentials of Clinical immunology. London: Blackwell Scientific Publications. 1990:72
3. Okerengwo, A and Anyiwo C E. Immunopathology-The acquired immune deficiency syndrome, In: Essential Immunology. Port Harcourt: Pearl Publishers. 2006: 109-110
4. In Vitro Selection and Characterization of DNA Aptamers Specific for Phospholamban J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2009) 329(1): 57-63
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